abstract：:DNA and RNA molecules can be detected as they are driven through a nanopore by an applied electric field at rates ranging from several hundred microseconds to a few milliseconds per molecule. The nanopore can rapidly discriminate between pyrimidine and purine segments along a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule. Nan...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Deamer DW,Akeson M

更新日期：2000-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Soft biofunctional and biocompatible interfaces on solids designed by the deposition of ultrathin soft polymer films or supported membranes have numerous scientific and practical applications. These include the immobilization of glycolipids, membrane receptors and proteins to generate models of cell and tissue surface...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Sackmann E,Tanaka M

更新日期：2000-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The genome-sequencing projects are providing a detailed 'parts list' of life. A key to comprehending this list is understanding the function of each gene and each protein at various levels. Sequence-based methods for function prediction are inadequate because of the multifunctional nature of proteins. However, just kn...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Skolnick J,Fetrow JS

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Luminescence has assumed an important role in analytical biochemistry and molecular biology as an extremely sensitive method for determining the concentration of specific ions and molecules. The luminescent system of the jellyfish Aequorea victoria consists of the photoprotein aequorin, which contains the molecule coe...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Jones K,Hibbert F,Keenan M

更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A key aspect of the genomics revolution is the transformation of large amounts of biological information into an electronic format, leading to an information-based approach to biomedical problems. Large-scale RNA assays and gene-expression-microarray studies, in particular, represent the second wave of the genomics re...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Zweiger G

更新日期：1999-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Colloidal gas aphrons are microbubbles encapsulated by surfactant multilayers. They provide a large interfacial area to adsorb charged and/or hydrophobic molecules; the extent and mechanism of the adsorption depends on the surfactant multilayer. The physical properties of colloidal gas aphrons have recently been chara...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Jauregi P,Varley J

更新日期：1999-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:One of the central problems in bioinformatics is data retrieval and integration. The existing biological databases are geographically distributed across the Internet, complex and heterogeneous in data types and data structures, and constantly changing. With the current rapid growth of biomedical data, the challenge is...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Chung SY,Wong L

更新日期：1999-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Carotenoids are antioxidants with considerable pharmaceutical potential. More than 600 carotenoid structures are known but their availability is limited owing to practical difficulties associated with chemical synthesis and isolation from microorganisms or plant tissue. To overcome some of these problems, heterologous...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Sandmann G,Albrecht M,Schnurr G,Knörzer O,Böger P

更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many bacteria and fungi produce natural products that are toxic to other microorganisms and have a variety of physiological effects in animals. Recent studies have revealed that, in several cases, the targets of these agents are components of conserved signal-transduction cascades. This article looks at the mechanisms...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Cardenas ME,Sanfridson A,Cutler NS,Heitman J

更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recently, several groups have published data on the shear sensitivity of suspended animal cells and the protective effect of certain polymers. These findings did not, at the time, seem to have great practical application because shear sensitivity did not cause great problems for large-scale applications in sparged and...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： van der Pol L,Tramper J

更新日期：1998-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nature's most potent molecules are produced by enzyme-catalysed reactions, coupled with the natural selection of those products that possess optimal biological activity. Combinatorial biocatalysis harnesses the natural diversity of enzymatic reactions for the iterative synthesis of organic libraries. Iterative reactio...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Michels PC,Khmelnitsky YL,Dordick JS,Clark DS

更新日期：1998-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The process of studying dynamic three-dimensional samples has a long history in biological research. Recent advances in hardware and software have made it easier to visualise and record interior detail from multiple focal planes of three-dimensional samples as they change over time (four-dimensional imaging). Once cap...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Thomas CF,White JG

更新日期：1998-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Techniques such as positron-emission tomography, single-photon-emission computed tomography, functional magnetic-resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography permit the observation of biological processes in the brain in a noninvasive manner. They have yielded new insights into the biological interrelations of sensory...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Müller-Gärtner HW

更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Microbial exopolysaccharides such as xanthan and dextran have been commercial products for many years; the search for new gelling agents has yielded gellan. Exopolysaccharides have many other novel properties to offer, and the discovery of immune modulation and tumouristasis by beta-D-glucans, and the use of bacterial...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Sutherland IW

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The realization of the important biomedical roles of polyunsaturated fatty acids has led to the development of methods for obtaining and manipulating polyunsaturated lipids. Enzyme-mediated reactions have demonstrated unique advantages over chemical approaches and commercial lipase- and phospholipase-catalysed process...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Gill I,Valivety R

更新日期：1997-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neurodegenerative diseases are of major socioeconomic importance and represent an enormous challenge for the scientific and medical communities. Advances in molecular genetics during the past decade have begun to provide approaches for the establishment of animal models for these disorders using transgenic technology....

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Theuring F,Thunecke M,Kosciessa U,Turner JD

更新日期：1997-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Since its invention at the beginning of the 1990s, antibody phage display has revolutionized the generation of monoclonal antibodies and their engineering. It is now possible to create antibodies binding to any chosen target antigen without the use of laboratory animals or hybridomas, in a system that completely by-pa...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Hoogenboom HR

更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Antibodies are able to both bind antigens and trigger the responses that eliminate them from circulation. All antibodies are glycosylated at conserved positions in their constant regions, and the presence of carbohydrate can be critical for antigen clearance functions such as complement activation. The structure of th...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Wright A,Morrison SL

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Advances in high-throughput DNA-sequencing techniques have given us the unprecedented ability to rapidly determine the nucleotide sequences of entire bacterial genomes. The application of these methods to the genomes of microbial pathogens, combined with efficient analytical tools and genome-scale approaches for study...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Smith DR

更新日期：1996-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The use of implantable immunoisolation devices, in which the tissue is protected from immune rejection by enclosure within a semipermeable membrane or encapsulant, is one approach in the development of cell therapies. However, further research is required in the areas of: tissue supply from primary or cell-culture sou...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Cotton CK

更新日期：1996-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We have isolated several microorganisms that are adapted to living in the extremes of the deep-sea environment. They include barophilic bacteria, which are able to grow at high hydrostatic pressure, but that are unable to grow at atmospheric pressure, and organic-solvent-tolerant bacteria, which are able to grow in th...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Kato C,Inoue A,Horikoshi K

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cyclodextrins, macrocyclic carbohydrates with apolar internal cavities, can form complexes with, and solubilize many normally water-insoluble compounds. Ferrocene and its derivatives, tetrathiafulvalene and tetramethylbenzidine, can function as redox mediators, but are insoluble in water; when they are complexed with ...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Luong JH,Brown RS,Male KB,Cattaneo MV,Zhao S

更新日期：1995-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Transgenic plants that express foreign proteins with industrial or pharmaceutical value represent an economical alternative to fermentation-based production systems. Specific vaccines have been produced in plants as a result of the transient or stable expression of foreign genes. It has recently been shown that genes ...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Mason HS,Arntzen CJ

更新日期：1995-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The lantibiotics are a unique class of bacterium-derived peptide antibiotics, all of which contain the rare amino acid lanthionine, as well as a number of other nonprotein amino acids. Unlike most other peptide antibiotics, lantibiotics are produced on the ribosome as a prepeptide, and a series of post-translational m...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Jack RW,Sahl HG

更新日期：1995-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Tremendous advances in our understanding of the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) have been made through the use of animal models. However, there are limitations inherent in many of the current models that use either nonhuman primates, or viruses other than HIV-1. Researchers continue to search for improved models...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Lewis AD,Johnson PR

更新日期：1995-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The free-radical gas nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in a wide and diverse range of physiological processes. As progress is made in understanding the biological function of NO, there is growing interest in the possibility that inhibitors of NO synthase (NOS) may be of clinical use in the therapy of certain d...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Ogden JE,Moore PK

更新日期：1995-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the use of a class of molecules that are activated by light, and which accumulate in, and are retained by, certain abnormal tissues. When these molecules (known as photosensitizers) are activated by light, they cause the formation of active forms of oxygen, which result in the killi...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Levy JG

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The well-studied antigen-combining sites of antibody molecules hold considerable promise as a model system for the design of bioactive peptides. These small, immunoglobulin-derived peptides can be used in the development of alternative treatments for disease and in diagnostic strategies. The general principles derived...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Dougall WC,Peterson NC,Greene MI

更新日期：1994-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Adsorption in stable expanded beds enables proteins to be recovered directly from particulate-containing feedstocks, such as fermentation broths and preparations of disrupted cells, without the need for prior removal of the suspended solids, which would normally result in the blockage of packed beds. The adoption of t...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Chase HA

更新日期：1994-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Selective delivery of lethal levels of drugs to tumors, without concomitant damage to normal tissues, is a major challenge in cancer chemotherapy. Prodrugs used in conjunction with enzyme-monoclonal antibody conjugates that can target tumors and convert prodrugs to their active drug forms in situ, offer exceptional pr...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Huennekens FM

更新日期：1994-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In vitro selection from molecular libraries has rapidly come of age as a protein-engineering tool. Dramatic increases in protein affinity can be engineered using phage-display libraries, and specific antibodies can be selected directly from a single 'naïve' library of their genes. Repertoires of small molecules are a ...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Clackson T,Wells JA

更新日期：1994-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lyases catalyse the cleavage of C-C, C-N, C-O and other bonds by elimination to produce double bonds or, conversely, catalyse the addition of groups to double bonds. These enzymes do not require cofactor recycling, show an absolute stereospecificity and can give a theoretical yield of 100%, compared with only 50% for ...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： van der Werf MJ,van den Tweel WJ,Kamphuis J,Hartmans S,de Bont JA

更新日期：1994-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many pathogens have the ability to vary the antigenic composition of surface-associated antigens. Often, this variation is mediated by the regulation of gene expression. By varying its antigenicity, the pathogen is able to avoid host immune responses more efficiently; however, this makes the design of vaccines against...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Maskell D,Frankel G,Dougan G

更新日期：1993-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Predicting the future use of biocatalysts for the transformation of organic compounds--both natural substrates and other compounds--needs to take many factors into account. To date, relatively few biotransformations have been developed to the industrial scale, primarily because there has been little economic incentive...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Faber K,Franssen MC

更新日期：1993-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are novel DNA mimics in which the sugar-phosphate backbone has been replaced with a backbone based on amino acids. PNAs exhibit sequence-specific binding to DNA and RNA with higher affinities and specificities than unmodified DNA. They are resistant to nuclease and protease attack in serum...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Buchardt O,Egholm M,Berg RH,Nielsen PE

更新日期：1993-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The general acceptance of bioremediation technology as an environmentally sound and economic treatment for hazardous waste requires the demonstration of its efficacy, reliability and predictability, as well as its advantages over conventional treatments. An effective monitoring design includes protocols for treatment-...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Heitzer A,Sayler GS

更新日期：1993-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although microorganisms have long been known as producers of edible oils, opportunities for their biotechnological exploitation are limited to the highest-value commodities. A recent attempt to develop a yeast oil cocoa-butter equivalent has not succeeded, not because of the inability to produce the correct formulatio...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Ratledge C

更新日期：1993-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The ability to detect single-base changes is of fundamental importance in molecular genetics. This is particularly true in human genetics, where interest in linking mutations of identified genes to particular disease phenotypes is most intense, and where a demand exists for clinical diagnosis of defined mutations. In ...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Prosser J

更新日期：1993-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Antibodies to surface proteins of the sexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum block completely the transmission of these malaria parasites. Transmission-blocking vaccines therefore represent a powerful and novel approach to controlling the spread of this lethal disease. ...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Kaslow DC,Bathurst IC,Barr PJ

更新日期：1992-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The glycosylation profile of a recombinant glycoprotein can not only significantly affect its therapeutic profile, but is also extremely sensitive to cell-culture and purification conditions. To define glycosylation patterns and to ensure consistency of recombinant glycoproteins among different preparations requires h...

journal_title：Trends in biotechnology

authors： Parekh RB,Patel TP

更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00